تدوین برنامه آموزش مهارت‌های اجتماعی و بررسی اثربخشی آن بر کفایت اجتماعی کودکان با اختلال یادگیری غیرکلامی و اختلال اتیسم عملکرد بالا

نویسنده

استادیار گروه روان شناسی کودکان استثنایی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی

چکیده

پژوهش با هدف تدوین و بررسی اثربخشی مهارتهای اجتماعی بر کفایت اجتماعی کودکان با اختلال‌های اتیسم و اختلال یادگیری غیرکلامی انجام شده است. این پژوهش از لحاظ گردآوری داده ها، از نوع نیمه آزمایشی و به لحاظ هدف، کاربردی می­باشد. جامعه آماری، شامل کلیه کودکان با اختلال های اتیسم و یادگیری که در مراکز توانبخشی شهر تهران در سال تحصیلی 95-1394 آموزش دریافت می کنند. 20 دانش­آموزی (10کودک با اختلال اتیسم از مرکز اتیسم دوم آوریل و 10 کودک با اختلال یادگیری غیرکلامی از مرکز یادگیری توحید) به عنوان نمونه آماری به تصادفی انتخاب شدند. برای گردآوری اطلاعات از نیمرخ اجتماعی بلینی استفاده شد. برنامه مهارت های اجتماعی شامل؛ مهارت های رفتاری، شناختی، هیجانی، ارتباطی و آمایه های انگیزشی، داستان های اجتماعی و اظهارات هیجانی، در 12 جلسه آموزشی و هرجلسه به مدت 90 دقیقه، برای گروه آزمایش اجرا شد. نتایج تحلیل کوواریانس چند متغیره نشان داد که فرضیه های پژوهش در سطح 1/000 معنی دار است و آموزش مهارت های اجتماعی برای هر دو گروه موثر بوده ولی عملکرد دانش آموزان با اختلال­ یادگیری نسبت به دانش آموزان با اختلال اتیسم، در همه مولفه های کفایت اجتماعی بهتر است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Designing the social skills training program and investigating its effectiveness on social competence of children with High function autistic (HFA) and non-verbal learning disorder (NLD)

نویسنده [English]

  • Saeed Rezayi
Corresponding Author: Department of Psychology and Education, Allameh Tabataba'i University
چکیده [English]

The purpose of the present research was to designing social skills training program and to study its effectiveness on social competence of students with high function Autistic (HFA) and non-verbal learning disorder (NLD). The research method was experimental. The statistical population consisted of all 7 to 14 students with HFA and NLD disorder who study in Tehran autism and learning disorders centers in 2016-2017 academic years. Twenty students (10 HFA children from April 2 center and also 10 NLD students form Tohid center) were randomly select as a sample by simple sampling from target population. Belini Social profile was used as an instrument for data collection. Social skills training program including behavioral, cognitive, emotional, communication, motivation, social stories, facial expiration were implemented in 12 sessions each for 90 minutes for the experimental group. The results of Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) showed that both of the groups were affected by social skill program but NLD students were better than HFA Students in all components of Social competence.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • social skills
  • social competence
  • high function autistic
  • non-verbal learning disorder
کارتلج، جی و میلبرن، جی اف.(1998). آموزشمهارت‌هایاجتماعیبهکودکان. ترجمه محمد حسین نظری نژاد (1382). مشهد: انتشارات آستان قدس رضوی.
متسون، جانی. اولندیک، توماس(1988). بهبود بخشی مهارت‌های اجتماعی کودکان: ارزیابی و آموزش. ترجمه؛ احمد به پژوه(1384). تهران: انتشارات اطلاعات
رضایی، سعید(1395). اختلال اتیسم. تبیین، تشخیص و درمان. چاپ(دوم). تهران: انتشارات آوای نور.
رضایی، سعید(1394). کفایت اجتماعی کودکان با اختلال و بیش فعال/ نقص توجه. تهران: انتشارات آوای نور.
رضایی، سعید(1394). کفایت اجتماعی کودکان با اختلال یادگیری. تهران: انتشارات آوای نور.
Baron-Cohen(2009).Autism: The Empathizing–Systemizing (E-S) Theory. The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience: Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 11, 68–80.
Bauminger, N., &Kasari, C. (2000).Loneliness and friendship in high-functioningchildren with autism. Journal of Child Development:71, 447–456.
Beaton, A. A. (2012). Dyslexia,Reading ant the Brain. a sourcebook of psychological and biological research.New York: Psychology Press.
Capps L, Yirmiya N, Sigman M.(2010). Understanding of simple and complex emotions in non-retarded children with autism. Journal of Child Psychol Psychiatry; 39(7): 1169-1182.
Chamberlain, B.O.(2001).The social networks of children with autism included in regular classes. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Charan SH. Childhood disintegrative disorder (2012). Journal of Pediatric Neurosis; 7:55-7.
Frith, U., & Happe, F. (2003).Theory of mind and self- consciousness: What is it like to be autistic? Journal of Mind and Language; 14, 1-22.
Fiedorowicz, Craig, Phillips, Price, Bullivant(2015).LDAC Research Committee: DSM 5 Ad; Hoc Committee. Adopted by the LDAC Board of Directors on March 2, 2015
Garfield, J.L., Peterson, C.C. & Perry, T. (2001). Social cognition, language acquisition, And the development of the theory of mind. Journal of Mind and Language, 16,494–541.
Geary, Melissa.(2014). Social Cognition with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Peer Relationships. Doctoral Dissertation in School of Education and Counseling Psychology Dominican University of California
Howlin, P., & Goode,S.(2004).Outcome in Adult Life For People With Autism, Asperger Syndrome. In F.R. Volkmar(Eds(Autism and pervasive developmental disorders.(pp. 209–241 New York:Cambridge University Press
Hadwin J, Baron-Cohen S, Howlin P, Hill K. (1997). Does teaching theory of mind have an effect on the ability to develop conversation in children with autism? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders; 27, 519-537
Kavale, K.A., & Mostert, M.P. (2004). Social skills interventions for individuals with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disability Quarterly, 27, 31–42.
Klin A, Saulnier CA, Sparrow SS, Cicchetti DV, Volkmar FR, Lord C. (2006). Social and communication abilities and disabilities in higher functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorders: The Vineland and the ADOS. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders; 37,748–759.
Krysko, K. M., & Rutherford, M. D. (2009). A threat-detection advantage in those with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Brain and Cognition, 69, 472–480.
Margaret Semrud-Clikeman (2007).  Social Competence in Children. USA Michigan: Springer.
Ozonoff, S., Goodlin-Jones, B.L., & Solomon, M. (2005). Evidence-based assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 34, 523-540.
Parkin Elizabeth (2016). Learning Disability - overview of policy and services People with learning disabilities and/or autism.1,125-132
Semrud-Clikeman Margaret. (2007).Children Social Competence. US: Springer Science_Business Media, LLC
Semrud-Clikeman, M., Guli, L., & Bennett, L.S. (2003). Assessment of childhood depression. In C.R. Reynolds and R. Kamphaus (Eds.), Handbook of psychological and educational assessment of children (2nd edition). New York: Guilford.
Semrud-Clikeman, M., & Schaefer, V. (2000). Social competence in developmental disorders. Journal of Psychotherapy in independent Practice, 4, 3–20.
Semrud-Clikeman, M., Steingard, R., Filipek, P.A., Bekken, K., Biederman, J., & Renshaw, P. (2000). Neuroanatomical-neuropsychological correlates of ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 477–484.
Semrud-Clikeman, M., Kamphaus, R., & Teeter, P.A. (1997). Behavioral and personality assessment in neuropsychology. In C.R. Reynolds (Ed.). Handbook of clinical child neuropsychology (2nd edition; pp. 320–341). New York: Plenum Press.
Semrud-Clikeman, M. & Wical, B. (1999). Components of attention and memory in complex-partial epilepsy in children with and without ADHD. Journal of Epilepsy, 40, 211–215.
Sale, P., & Carey, D.M. (1995). The sociometric status of students with disabilities in a full-inclusion school. Journal of Exceptional Children, 62, 6–19.
Segrin, C. (2010). The impact of assessment procedures on the relationship between paper and pencil and behavioral indicators of social skill. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 22, 229–251.
Segrin, C., & Flora, J. (2000). Poor social skills are a vulnerability factor in the development of prosocial problems. Journal of Human Communication Research, 26,489–514.
Spitzberg, B.H. (2003). Methods of interpersonal skill assessment. In J.O. Greene and B.R. Burleson (Eds.), Handbook of Communication and Social Interaction Skills (pp. 93–134). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Tantam, D. (2003).The challenge of adolescents and adults with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12, 143–163.
Tager-Flusberg H.(1999).psychological approach to understanding the social and language impairments in autism. Journal of International Psychiatry;11,325–334.
Tager-Flusberg, H., & Sullivan, K. (2004). A Second Look at Second-order Belief Attribution in Autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 577-586
Wittchen, H., & Hecht, H. –U. (2011). The frequency of social dysfunction in a general population sample and in patients with mental disorders: A comparison using the social interview schedule (SIS). Journal of Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 23, 17–29.