Comparing the parenting stress, happiness and cognitive flexibility of mothers with intellectually disable and learning disable children

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

2 M.A. Student of Family Counseling, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

3 Ph.D. Student of Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children, University of Allameh Tabataba'i

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to compare the parenting stress, happiness and cognitive flexibility mothers of children with intellectual and learning disabilities. The method of this study is causal-comparative. The population of this study included all mothers with intellectually disable children and learning disabilities in Rasht city in the year 2014. From this population, 100 mothers (50 mothers with intellectually disable child and 50 mothers with learning disabilities child) were selected as sample by using available sampling method. The tools used were Abidin parenting stress questionnaire, Oxsford Happiness and Denis and Vanderval cognitive flexibility questionnaire. Data analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. The findings proved that there are significant differences between the two groups with positive correlation between parental stress, happiness and cognitive flexibility (p<0/01). Specifically, the amount of parenting stress of mothers with intellectually disable children was more, and the amount of their happiness and cognitive flexibility was less than that of mothers with children with learning disabilities. Therefore, it can be concluded that the child's disability type affects the psychological characteristics of their mothers, that is, mothers of children with intellectual disability have more stress and less happiness and cognitive flexibility compared to mothers with children with learning disabilities.

Keywords

Full Text

ابراهیمی‌تازه‏کند، فریبا (1389). بررسی تأثیر شیوه‌های مقابله با تنیدگی در مادران کودکان آهسته گام مصروع جنوب شهر تهران. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد. دانشگاه الزهرا.

ابراهیمی، مرتضی؛ کرمی، جهانگیر؛ برازنده‌چقانی، سمیه و بگیان‌کوله‌مرز، محمدجواد (1394). مداخله‌ای در سازگاری اجتماعی و کاهش رفتارهای تکانشی دانش‌آموزان پسر مبتلاء به ناتوانی‌های یادگیری ریاضی: اثربخشی و کارآمدی آموزش والدین با رویکرد آدلری. مجله ناتوانی‌های یادگیری، (5)1، 31-7.

ارجمندنیا، علی‏اکبر؛ افروز، غلامعلی و سادتی، سمیه‏سادات(1392). علل اصلی معلولیت در کودکان و نوجوانان سنین مدرسه مناطق شهری و روستایی. فصلنامه‌ی روان‌شناسی و علوم‌تربیتی، (3)3، 38-27.

بحرینیان، سیدعبدالمجید؛ حاجی‌علیزاده، کبری؛ ابراهیمی، لیلا و ‌هاشمی‌گرجی، ام‌البنین (1391). مقایسه‌ی ویژگی‌های شخصیتی و میزان سازگاری مادران دانش‌آموزان عقب‌مانده‌ذهنی و عادی شهر تهران. روان‌شناسی افراد استثنایی، (7)2، 167-153.

حق رنجبر، فرخ؛ کاکاوند، علیرضا؛ برجعلی، احمد و برماس، حامد (1390). تاب‌آوری و کیفیت زندگی مادران دارای فرزندان کم‌توان ذهنی. فصلنامه سلامت و روان‌شناسی، (1)1، 189-179.

دادستان، پریرخ؛ احمدی ازغندی، علی و حسن آبادی، حمیدرضا (1385). تنیدگی والدینی و سلامت عمومی: پژوهشی درباره رابطه تنیدگی حاصل از والدگری و سلامت عمومی در مادران پرستار و خانه دار دارای کودکان خردسال. فصلنامه روان‌شناسی تحولی (روان شناسان ایرانی)، (7)2، 184-171.

ربیعی‌کناری، فاطمه؛ جدیدیان، علی و سلگی، محمد (1394). اثربخشی آموزش تاب‌آوری بر کاهش استرس والدگری مادران دارای فرزند مبتلا به اختلال اوتیسم. مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم‌پزشکی ایلام. (4)23. 105-95.

سلطانی، اسماعیل؛ شاره، حسین؛ بحرینیان، عبدالمجید و فرمانی، اعظم (1392). نقش واسطه‌ای انعطاف‌پذیری‌شناختی در ارتباط بین سبک‌های مقابله‌ای و تاب‌آوری با افسردگی. پژوهنده (مجله‌ی پژوهش دانشگاه پزشکی شهید بهشتی)، (2)18، 96-88.

کربلایی‌شیری‌فر، رسول (1385). ساختوهنجاریابیپرسش‌نامه‌ایبرایاندازه‌گیریکیفیتزندگیخانواد‌ه‌هاییبافرزند‌کم‌توان‌ذهنی. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی‌ارشد چاپ نشده. دانشگاه علامه.طباطبایی.

کیامرثی، آذر و مؤمنی، سویل(1392). بررسی ارتباط سرمایه ی اجتماعی و شادکامی با پیشرفت تحصیلی در دانش‌آموزان دختر دبیرستانی. مجله‌ی روان شناسی مدرسه، 2(1)، 119-130.

گنجی، مهدی (1392). روان‌شناسی کودکان استثنایی براساس DSM-5 چاپ اول، تهران: ساوالان.

میلانی‏فر، بهروز (1388). روان شناسی کودکان و نوجوانان استثنایی، چاپ دوم، تهران: انتشارات قومس.

Albektsen, G. (2003). Happiness and related Factors in Pregnant Women, deparyment of Psychiatare , Faculty of mediene. Chulalongkorn university, Bangkok, Thailand.

Allik , H & Larsson , J.O. (2006). Health-related quality of life in parents of school-age children with Asperger syndrom and High- Functioning Autism. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 4. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-4-1.

Anastopoulos, A. D., Guevremont, D.C., Shelton, T.L., & Dupal, G.Y. (1992), Parenting stress among families of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactirity Disorddder. Journal of Abnormal of Psy chology, 20, 503-518.

Argyle, M .,& Hills, P.(2002). Religious experiences and their relation with happinesess and personality. International Journal For psychology of religion, 10, 157-172.

Arjmandnia, A., Afrz, Gh., & Sadati, SS. (2014). The main causes of disabilities in school-age children in rural and urban areas. Psychology & Educational science, 3(3), 27-38. (Persian)

Ays, H .(1993). Child–family characteristics and coping patterns of Indonesian families with a mentally retarded child [Dissertation]. Catholic University of American, D. N. SC.

Bahreinian, S., Hajizade, K., K., Ebrahimi, L., & Hashemi Gorji, O. (2013). Comparison of personality characteristics and compatibility of the students' mothers with mental retardation and normal in Tehran. Journal Exceptional people psychology, 2(7), 153-167. (Persian)

Blacher, Jan., Begum, Gazi F., Marcoulides, George A., Baker, & Bruce L. (2013). Longitudinal Perspectives of Child Positive Impact on Families: Relationship to Disability and Culture. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 118(2), 141-155.

Burack, J. A., Hodapp, R. M, Zigler, E. (1998).Handbook of mental retardation and development. Cambridge university press.

Dadsetan, P., Ahmadi Azghandi, A., & Hasan Abadi, H. (2005). Parental stress and general health: research on the relationship between stress of parenting and public health nurse and homemaker mothers with young children. Journal of Developmental Psychology (Iranian psychologists), 2(7), 171-184. (Persian)

Dennis, JP., Vander Wal, JS. (2010). The cognitive flxibility inventory: Intrument developmant and estimate of reliability and validity. Cognther Res. 34(3), 241-253.

Durmaz, A., Cankaya, T., Durmaz, B., Vahabi, A., Gunduz, C., Cogulu, O. & Ozkinay, F. (2010). Interview with parents of children with Down syndrome: their perceptions and feelings .Indian J Pediatr, 78(6), 698-702.

Ebrahimi Taze Kand, F. (2011). The effect of a slow-paced way of coping in mothers of children with epilepsy south of Tehran. Unpublished master's thesis. Al-Zahra university. Al-Zahra University. (Persian)

Ebrahimi, M., Karami, J., Barazandeh Choghaee, S., & Bagiyan Kulehmarz, M.J. (2016). An intervention in social adjustment and reducing impulsive behaviors of male students with mathematical learning disabilities: Efficiency and effectiveness of parents with. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1(5), 7-31. (Persian)

Eisenhower, A. S, Baker, B, L, Blacher, j. (2005). preschool children with intellectual disability, syndrome specificity ,behavior problems, and maternal well-being. Journal of intellectual disability, 49, 657-671.

Folkman, S, Lazarus RS.(1980). An analysis of coping in a middle aged community sample. J Health Soc Behav, 21(3), 219-39.

Francis, L. J. Brow, L. B, Lester, D. & Philipchalk, R. (1998). Happiness as stable extraversion: A cross – cultural examination of the reliability and validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among students in the U.K., U.S.A., Australian, and Canada. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 167-171.

Ganji, M. (2013). Psychology of exceptional children on Dsm. IV. Savalan publication.Tehran. Iran. . (Persian)

Ginieri-Coccossis, M., Rotsika, V., Skevington, S., Papaevangelou, S., Malliori, M.,Tomaras, V. & Kokkevi, A. (2012). Quality of life in newly diagnosed children with specific learning disabilities (SLD) and differences from typically developing children: a study of child and parent reports. Child Care Health Dev, doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 2214.01369.x. [Epub ahead of print].

Gupta, P .(2009). Positive perception in parents of children with disability. Asia pacific disability rehabilitation Journal, 22, 34-55.

Hagh Ranjbar, F., Kakavand, A., Borjali, A., & Bermas, H. (2012). Of Resiliency and quality of life of mothers of children with intellectual disability. Journal of Health Psychology, 1(1), 179-189. (Persian)

Haglund, M., Nestadt, PS., Cooper, NS., Southwick, SM., Charney, DS. (2007). Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience: relevance to prevention and treatment of stress-related psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol, 19(3), 889-920.

Hahlweg, K., Heinrichs, N, & Naumann, S. (2010). Long-term outcome of a randomized Controlled universal prevention trial through a positive parenting program: is it worth the effort? Child & Adolescent psychiatry & Mental Healt, (4)14.

Hedov G, Wikblad K, Anneren G. (2006). Sickness absence in Swedish parents of children with Downs’s syndrome: relation to Self Perceived health, stress and sense of coherence. Journal of Intellec Disab Resea, 50 (7), 546-552.

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McConkey, R, Kenndy, M., Chang, M. (2007). The impact on mothers of bringing up a child with intellectual disabilities: A cross-cultural study. International Journal of Nursing Studies (in syndrome, fragile x syndrom, and schizophrenia. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorder, 34, 41-48.

Milanifar, B. (2010). Psychology of Exceptional Children and Adolescents, Second Edition, Tehran: Ghomes. (Persian)

Miodrag, N. & Hodapp, R. (2011). Chapter Four – Chronic Stress and its Implications on Health Among Families of Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (I/DD). International Review of Research in Developmental Disabilities, 41, 127–161

Okun, M. A., Stock, W. A., Haring, M. J., & Witten R. A. (1984). Health and subjective well- being: a meta- analysis. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 19, 111- 132.

Rabie Kenari, F., Jadidian, A., & Selgi, M. (2016). The effectiveness of resilience in reducing parent stress mothers of children with autism. Ilam University of Medical Science, 23(4), 95-105.

Raikkonen, K., Pesonen, A. K, Heinonen, K, Komsi, N., Jarvenpaa, L., & Strandberg. (2006). Stressed parents: A dyadic perspective on perceived infant temperament. Infant and Child Development , 15, 75-87.

Siklos, S. & Kerns, K.A. (2006). Assessing need for social support in parents of children with autism and down syndrome. Journal of Autism and developmental disorders 36, 921 933.

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References

ابراهیمی‌تازه‏کند، فریبا (1389). بررسی تأثیر شیوه‌های مقابله با تنیدگی در مادران کودکان آهسته گام مصروع جنوب شهر تهران. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد. دانشگاه الزهرا.
ابراهیمی، مرتضی؛ کرمی، جهانگیر؛ برازنده‌چقانی، سمیه و بگیان‌کوله‌مرز، محمدجواد (1394). مداخله‌ای در سازگاری اجتماعی و کاهش رفتارهای تکانشی دانش‌آموزان پسر مبتلاء به ناتوانی‌های یادگیری ریاضی: اثربخشی و کارآمدی آموزش والدین با رویکرد آدلری. مجله ناتوانی‌های یادگیری، (5)1، 31-7.
ارجمندنیا، علی‏اکبر؛ افروز، غلامعلی و سادتی، سمیه‏سادات(1392). علل اصلی معلولیت در کودکان و نوجوانان سنین مدرسه مناطق شهری و روستایی. فصلنامه‌ی روان‌شناسی و علوم‌تربیتی، (3)3، 38-27.
بحرینیان، سیدعبدالمجید؛ حاجی‌علیزاده، کبری؛ ابراهیمی، لیلا و ‌هاشمی‌گرجی، ام‌البنین (1391). مقایسه‌ی ویژگی‌های شخصیتی و میزان سازگاری مادران دانش‌آموزان عقب‌مانده‌ذهنی و عادی شهر تهران. روان‌شناسی افراد استثنایی، (7)2، 167-153.
حق رنجبر، فرخ؛ کاکاوند، علیرضا؛ برجعلی، احمد و برماس، حامد (1390). تاب‌آوری و کیفیت زندگی مادران دارای فرزندان کم‌توان ذهنی. فصلنامه سلامت و روان‌شناسی، (1)1، 189-179.
دادستان، پریرخ؛ احمدی ازغندی، علی و حسن آبادی، حمیدرضا (1385). تنیدگی والدینی و سلامت عمومی: پژوهشی درباره رابطه تنیدگی حاصل از والدگری و سلامت عمومی در مادران پرستار و خانه دار دارای کودکان خردسال. فصلنامه روان‌شناسی تحولی (روان شناسان ایرانی)، (7)2، 184-171.
ربیعی‌کناری، فاطمه؛ جدیدیان، علی و سلگی، محمد (1394). اثربخشی آموزش تاب‌آوری بر کاهش استرس والدگری مادران دارای فرزند مبتلا به اختلال اوتیسم. مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم‌پزشکی ایلام. (4)23. 105-95.
سلطانی، اسماعیل؛ شاره، حسین؛ بحرینیان، عبدالمجید و فرمانی، اعظم (1392). نقش واسطه‌ای انعطاف‌پذیری‌شناختی در ارتباط بین سبک‌های مقابله‌ای و تاب‌آوری با افسردگی. پژوهنده (مجله‌ی پژوهش دانشگاه پزشکی شهید بهشتی)، (2)18، 96-88.
کربلایی‌شیری‌فر، رسول (1385). ساختوهنجاریابیپرسش‌نامه‌ایبرایاندازه‌گیریکیفیتزندگیخانواد‌ه‌هاییبافرزند‌کم‌توان‌ذهنی. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی‌ارشد چاپ نشده. دانشگاه علامه.طباطبایی.
کیامرثی، آذر و مؤمنی، سویل(1392). بررسی ارتباط سرمایه ی اجتماعی و شادکامی با پیشرفت تحصیلی در دانش‌آموزان دختر دبیرستانی. مجله‌ی روان شناسی مدرسه، 2(1)، 119-130.
گنجی، مهدی (1392). روان‌شناسی کودکان استثنایی براساس DSM-5 چاپ اول، تهران: ساوالان.
میلانی‏فر، بهروز (1388). روان شناسی کودکان و نوجوانان استثنایی، چاپ دوم، تهران: انتشارات قومس.
Albektsen, G. (2003). Happiness and related Factors in Pregnant Women, deparyment of Psychiatare , Faculty of mediene. Chulalongkorn university, Bangkok, Thailand.
Allik , H & Larsson , J.O. (2006). Health-related quality of life in parents of school-age children with Asperger syndrom and High- Functioning Autism. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 4. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-4-1.
Anastopoulos, A. D., Guevremont, D.C., Shelton, T.L., & Dupal, G.Y. (1992), Parenting stress among families of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactirity Disorddder. Journal of Abnormal of Psy chology, 20, 503-518.
Argyle, M .,& Hills, P.(2002). Religious experiences and their relation with happinesess and personality. International Journal For psychology of religion, 10, 157-172.
Arjmandnia, A., Afrz, Gh., & Sadati, SS. (2014). The main causes of disabilities in school-age children in rural and urban areas. Psychology & Educational science, 3(3), 27-38. (Persian)
Ays, H .(1993). Child–family characteristics and coping patterns of Indonesian families with a mentally retarded child [Dissertation]. Catholic University of American, D. N. SC.
Bahreinian, S., Hajizade, K., K., Ebrahimi, L., & Hashemi Gorji, O. (2013). Comparison of personality characteristics and compatibility of the students' mothers with mental retardation and normal in Tehran. Journal Exceptional people psychology, 2(7), 153-167. (Persian)
Blacher, Jan., Begum, Gazi F., Marcoulides, George A., Baker, & Bruce L. (2013). Longitudinal Perspectives of Child Positive Impact on Families: Relationship to Disability and Culture. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 118(2), 141-155.
Burack, J. A., Hodapp, R. M, Zigler, E. (1998).Handbook of mental retardation and development. Cambridge university press.
Dadsetan, P., Ahmadi Azghandi, A., & Hasan Abadi, H. (2005). Parental stress and general health: research on the relationship between stress of parenting and public health nurse and homemaker mothers with young children. Journal of Developmental Psychology (Iranian psychologists), 2(7), 171-184. (Persian)
Dennis, JP., Vander Wal, JS. (2010). The cognitive flxibility inventory: Intrument developmant and estimate of reliability and validity. Cognther Res. 34(3), 241-253.
Durmaz, A., Cankaya, T., Durmaz, B., Vahabi, A., Gunduz, C., Cogulu, O. & Ozkinay, F. (2010). Interview with parents of children with Down syndrome: their perceptions and feelings .Indian J Pediatr, 78(6), 698-702.
Ebrahimi Taze Kand, F. (2011). The effect of a slow-paced way of coping in mothers of children with epilepsy south of Tehran. Unpublished master's thesis. Al-Zahra university. Al-Zahra University. (Persian)
Ebrahimi, M., Karami, J., Barazandeh Choghaee, S., & Bagiyan Kulehmarz, M.J. (2016). An intervention in social adjustment and reducing impulsive behaviors of male students with mathematical learning disabilities: Efficiency and effectiveness of parents with. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1(5), 7-31. (Persian)
Eisenhower, A. S, Baker, B, L, Blacher, j. (2005). preschool children with intellectual disability, syndrome specificity ,behavior problems, and maternal well-being. Journal of intellectual disability, 49, 657-671.
Folkman, S, Lazarus RS.(1980). An analysis of coping in a middle aged community sample. J Health Soc Behav, 21(3), 219-39.
Francis, L. J. Brow, L. B, Lester, D. & Philipchalk, R. (1998). Happiness as stable extraversion: A cross – cultural examination of the reliability and validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among students in the U.K., U.S.A., Australian, and Canada. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 167-171.
Ganji, M. (2013). Psychology of exceptional children on Dsm. IV. Savalan publication.Tehran. Iran. . (Persian)
Ginieri-Coccossis, M., Rotsika, V., Skevington, S., Papaevangelou, S., Malliori, M.,Tomaras, V. & Kokkevi, A. (2012). Quality of life in newly diagnosed children with specific learning disabilities (SLD) and differences from typically developing children: a study of child and parent reports. Child Care Health Dev, doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 2214.01369.x. [Epub ahead of print].
Gupta, P .(2009). Positive perception in parents of children with disability. Asia pacific disability rehabilitation Journal, 22, 34-55.
Hagh Ranjbar, F., Kakavand, A., Borjali, A., & Bermas, H. (2012). Of Resiliency and quality of life of mothers of children with intellectual disability. Journal of Health Psychology, 1(1), 179-189. (Persian)
Haglund, M., Nestadt, PS., Cooper, NS., Southwick, SM., Charney, DS. (2007). Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience: relevance to prevention and treatment of stress-related psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol, 19(3), 889-920.
Hahlweg, K., Heinrichs, N, & Naumann, S. (2010). Long-term outcome of a randomized Controlled universal prevention trial through a positive parenting program: is it worth the effort? Child & Adolescent psychiatry & Mental Healt, (4)14.
Hedov G, Wikblad K, Anneren G. (2006). Sickness absence in Swedish parents of children with Downs’s syndrome: relation to Self Perceived health, stress and sense of coherence. Journal of Intellec Disab Resea, 50 (7), 546-552.
Karbalae Shirifa, R. (2005). Constructing and standardizing a questionnaire to measure the quality of life of families with children with mental retardation. Unpublished master's thesis. Al-Zahra university. Alame Tabatabae University. (Persian)
Kiamarsi, A. & Momeni, S. (2013) A survey of the relationship between social capital and happiness and academic achievement in female students. Journal of school psychology, 2(1): 119-130. (Persian).
Lioyd, T. J. & Hastings, R. (2009). Hope as a psychological resilience factor in mothers and fathers of children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53, 9657 -9668.
Marfo, K. (1984). Interactions between mothers and their mentally retarded children: Integration of research findings. Journal of applied developmental psychology, 5, 45-69.
McConkey, R, Kenndy, M., Chang, M. (2007). The impact on mothers of bringing up a child with intellectual disabilities: A cross-cultural study. International Journal of Nursing Studies (in syndrome, fragile x syndrom, and schizophrenia. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorder, 34, 41-48.
Milanifar, B. (2010). Psychology of Exceptional Children and Adolescents, Second Edition, Tehran: Ghomes. (Persian)
Miodrag, N. & Hodapp, R. (2011). Chapter Four – Chronic Stress and its Implications on Health Among Families of Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (I/DD). International Review of Research in Developmental Disabilities, 41, 127–161
Okun, M. A., Stock, W. A., Haring, M. J., & Witten R. A. (1984). Health and subjective well- being: a meta- analysis. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 19, 111- 132.
Rabie Kenari, F., Jadidian, A., & Selgi, M. (2016). The effectiveness of resilience in reducing parent stress mothers of children with autism. Ilam University of Medical Science, 23(4), 95-105.
Raikkonen, K., Pesonen, A. K, Heinonen, K, Komsi, N., Jarvenpaa, L., & Strandberg. (2006). Stressed parents: A dyadic perspective on perceived infant temperament. Infant and Child Development , 15, 75-87.
Siklos, S. & Kerns, K.A. (2006). Assessing need for social support in parents of children with autism and down syndrome. Journal of Autism and developmental disorders 36, 921 933.
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